=============X-SAMPA Index============ a a open front unrounded vowel b b voiced bilabial plosive b_< ɓ voiced bilabial implosive c c voiceless palatal plosive d d voiced alveolar plosive d` ɖ voiced retroflex plosive d_< ɗ voiced alveolar implosive e e close-mid front unrounded vowel f f voiceless labiodental fricative g ɡ voiced velar plosive g_< ɠ voiced velar implosive h h voiceless glottal fricative h\ ɦ voiced glottal fricative i i close front unrounded vowel j j palatal approximant j\ ʝ voiced palatal fricative k k voiceless velar plosive l l alveolar lateral approximant l` ɭ retroflex lateral approximant l\ ɺ alveolar lateral flap m m bilabial nasal n n alveolar nasal n` ɳ retroflex nasal o o close-mid back rounded vowel p p voiceless bilabial plosive p\ ɸ voiceless bilabial fricative q q voiceless uvular plosive r r alveolar trill r` ɽ retroflex flap r\ ɹ alveolar approximant r\` ɻ retroflex approximant s s voiceless alveolar fricative s` ʂ voiceless retroflex fricative s\ ɕ voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative t t voiceless alveolar plosive t` ʈ voiceless retroflex plosive u u close back rounded vowel v v voiced labiodental fricative v\ ʋ labiodental approximant w w labial-velar approximant x x voiceless velar fricative x\ ɧ voiceless palatal-velar fricative y y close front rounded vowel z z voiced alveolar fricative z` ʐ voiced retroflex fricative z\ ʑ voiced alveolo-palatal fricative A ɑ open back unrounded vowel B β voiced bilabial fricative B\ ʙ bilabial trill C ç voiceless palatal fricative D ð voiced dental fricative E ɛ open-mid front unrounded vowel F ɱ labiodental nasal G ɣ voiced velar fricative G\ ɢ voiced uvular plosive G\_< ʛ voiced uvular implosive H ɥ labial-palatal approximant H\ ʜ voiceless epiglottal fricative I ɪ near-close near-front unrounded vowel I\ ᵻ near-close central unrounded vowel J ɲ palatal nasal J\ ɟ voiced palatal plosive J\_< ʄ voiced palatal implosive K ɬ voiceless alveolar lateral fricative K\ ɮ voiced alveolar lateral fricative L ʎ palatal lateral approximant L\ ʟ velar lateral approximant M ɯ close back unrounded vowel M\ ɰ velar approximant N ŋ velar nasal N\ ɴ uvular nasal O ɔ open-mid back rounded vowel O\ ʘ bilabial click P ʋ labiodental approximant Q ɒ open back rounded vowel R ʁ voiced uvular fricative R\ ʀ uvular trill S ʃ voiceless postalveolar fricative T θ voiceless dental fricative U ʊ near-close near-back rounded vowel U\ ᵿ or ʊ̈ near-close central rounded vowel V ʌ open-mid back unrounded vowel W ʍ voiceless labial-velar fricative X χ voiceless uvular fricative X\ ħ voiceless pharyngeal fricative Y ʏ near-close near-front rounded vowel Z ʒ voiced postalveolar fricative . . syllable break " ˈ primary stress % ˌ secondary stress ' ʲ palatalized : ː long :\ ˑ half long - separator @ ə schwa @\ ɘ close-mid central unrounded vowel { æ near-open front unrounded vowel } ʉ close central rounded vowel 1 ɨ close central unrounded vowel 2 ø close-mid front rounded vowel 3 ɜ open-mid central unrounded vowel 3\ ɞ open-mid central rounded vowel 4 ɾ alveolar flap 5 ɫ velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _e 6 ɐ near-open central vowel 7 ɤ close-mid back unrounded vowel 8 ɵ close-mid central rounded vowel 9 œ open-mid front rounded vowel & ɶ open front rounded vowel ? ʔ glottal stop ?\ ʕ voiced pharyngeal fricative <\ ʢ voiced epiglottal fricative > end nonsegmental notation >\ ʡ epiglottal plosive ^ ꜛ upstep ! ꜜ downstep !\ ǃ postalveolar click | | minor (foot) group |\ ǀ dental click || ‖ major (intonation) group |\|\ ǁ alveolar lateral click =\ ǂ palatal click -\ ‿ linking mark _" ̈ centralized _+ ̟ advanced _- ̠ retracted _/ ̌ rising tone _0 ̥ voiceless _< implosive = ̩ syllabic _> ʼ ejective _?\ ˤ pharyngealized _\ ̂ falling tone _^ ̯ non-syllabic _} ̚ no audible release ` ˞ rhotacization in vowels ~ ̃ nasalization _A ̘ advanced tongue root _a ̺ apical _B ̏ extra low tone _B_L ᷅ low rising tone _c ̜ less rounded _d ̪ dental _e ̴ velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5 ↘ global fall _F ̂ falling tone _G ˠ velarized _H ́ high tone _H_T ᷄ high rising tone _h ʰ aspirated _j ʲ palatalized _k ̰ creaky voice _L ̀ low tone _l ˡ lateral release _M ̄ mid tone _m ̻ laminal _N ̼ linguolabial _n ⁿ nasal release _O ̹ more rounded _o ̞ lowered _q ̙ retracted tongue root ↗ global rise _R ̌ rising tone _R_F ᷈ rising falling tone _r ̝ raised _T ̋ extra high tone _t ̤ breathy voice _v ̬ voiced _w ʷ labialized _X ̆ extra-short _x ̽ mid-centralized